{"id":54779,"date":"2025-03-04T14:22:33","date_gmt":"2025-03-04T19:22:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/supreme\/supreme-court-insights\/muller-v-oregon-case-summary.html"},"modified":"2025-03-04T14:25:44","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T19:25:44","slug":"muller-v-oregon-case-summary","status":"publish","type":"supreme","link":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/muller-v-oregon-case-summary.html","title":{"rendered":"Muller v. Oregon Case Summary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Muller v. Oregon Case Summary<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/balrina-ahluwalia-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Balrina Ahluwalia, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last reviewed\n        <time>\n                            March 04, 2025\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>The Supreme Court of the United States\u2019 <i>Muller v. Oregon <\/i>decision established in 1908 that physical differences between men and women could justify different treatment under labor laws.&nbsp;At the time, this was considered progressive. For decades, this<i> <\/i>ruling laid the groundwork for many states to pass laws regulating working conditions for women.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p>In the early 1900s, many states began passing laws to limit working hours and improve conditions for laborers, especially women and children. This was part of the Progressive Era.<\/p>\r\n<p>This social and political reform movement aimed at addressing problems caused by:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Industrialization<\/li>\r\n<li>Urbanization<\/li>\r\n<li>Political corruption<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Progressives sought to implement reforms to improve working conditions, reduce corporate power, and promote social justice. However, it wasn&#8217;t uncommon for this progressive labor legislation to face constitutional challenges for allegedly restricting freedom of contract.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Freedom of Contract<\/h2>\r\n<p>This constitutional freedom of contract stemmed from the U.S. Supreme Court&#8217;s 1897 decision in\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/165\/578.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Allgeyer v. Louisiana<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><\/i>The<i>\u00a0Allgeyer\u00a0<\/i>Court expanded the meaning of \u201cliberty&#8221; found in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/due-process-clause.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourteenth Amendment&#8217;s due process clause<\/a>. Specifically, it interpreted liberty to include the freedom to make contracts, including work contracts.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The Lochner Era<\/h3>\r\n<p>Based on this broad interpretation, the High Court entered an era in which it often struck down economic regulations, particularly those involving labor laws. This became known as the \u201c<i>Lochner<\/i>\u00a0Era,&#8221; named for the Supreme Court case of\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/198\/45.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Lochner v. New York<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>(1905).<\/p>\r\n<p>In\u00a0<i>Lochner<\/i>, the Court narrowly ruled that a law limiting long hours for bakers was unconstitutional. It reasoned that the labor legislation bore no relation to the workers&#8217; health or safety.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court noted that such laws might be permissible if it could be shown that they protected public health or safety.<\/p>\r\n<p>The state of Oregon did just that in\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/208\/412.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Muller v. Oregon<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>(1908).<\/p>\r\n<h2>Case Facts<\/h2>\r\n<p>In 1903, Oregon passed a law limiting women to ten hours of work per day in factories and laundries. Curt Muller was the owner of a laundry business called the Grand Laundry in Portland. Muller had allowed Mrs. E. Gotcher, one of his female employees, to work more than ten hours.<\/p>\r\n<p>The state charged and convicted Muller for violating the maximum-hour law. He appealed his conviction. At the time, the courts referred to an appealing party as a &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/plaintiff-in-error.html\" rel=\"noopener\">plaintiff in error<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n<p>On appeal, the Oregon Supreme Court upheld the conviction. Muller then appealed to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\">Supreme Court<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Muller claimed the state law violated due process and equal protection rights under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/a>. Specifically, he argued the Oregon law:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Violated the freedom to make contracts<\/li>\r\n<li>Unfairly\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/employment\/employment-discrimination\/equal-pay-and-discrimination-against-women.html\" rel=\"noopener\">discriminated based on sex<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Was an invalid use of state power<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The state claimed the Oregon law protected worker health and safety. It presented a brief devised by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/pastjustices\/brandeis.html\">Louis D. Brandeis<\/a>, a renowned Boston attorney who later joined the Supreme Court.<\/p>\r\n<p>The brief included social science data gathered by a prominent Progressive Era social and political reformer named Florence Kelley. It detailed the sociological, economic, and physiological effects of long working hours on women&#8217;s health and physical well-being, including impacts on reproductive health and capacity for childbearing.<\/p>\r\n<h2>The Supreme Court&#8217;s Decision<\/h2>\r\n<p>In a unanimous decision penned by Justice Brewer, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Oregon&#8217;s law as constitutional.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Freedom of Contract<\/h3>\r\n<p>On the freedom of contract claim, the Court explained that the right to freedom of contract isn&#8217;t absolute and can be restricted by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation07.html#:~:text=state%20%E2%80%9Cpolice%20powers.%E2%80%9D\" rel=\"noopener\">state&#8217;s exercise of police power<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Equal Protection<\/h3>\r\n<p>The Court rejected claims of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation04.html\" rel=\"noopener\">unequal treatment under the law<\/a>. It said the physical differences between men and women, particularly women&#8217;s role in childbearing, justified treating them differently under the law. The Court acknowledged that it struck down similar, but gender-neutral, legislation in\u00a0<i>Lochner<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, it stated that legislation to protect women&#8217;s health was within the state&#8217;s power. The Court noted that women were dependent on men and not equal competitors in the workplace. It said women still depend on men and look to them for protection.<\/p>\r\n<h3>State Police Power<\/h3>\r\n<p>The Court also held that protecting women&#8217;s health and the &#8220;future well-being of the race&#8221; was a valid use of state police power. It reasoned that a woman&#8217;s physical structure and maternal function warranted special protection by the state.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court relied heavily on the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.findlaw.com\/definition\/brandeis-brief.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandeis brief<\/a>\u00a0to conclude that a long workday could impair women&#8217;s health, potentially affecting their ability to bear healthy children. It said the Oregon law was, therefore, a legitimate exercise of the state&#8217;s police power to protect public health and welfare.<\/p>\r\n<p>Accordingly, the Supreme Court affirmed the Oregon Supreme Court&#8217;s decision.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Impact of the\u00a0<i>Muller\u00a0<\/i>Decision<\/h3>\r\n<p>The success of the Brandeis brief in\u00a0<i>Muller\u00a0<\/i>led to the widespread use of social science evidence to support legal arguments, particularly in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/constitutional-law.html\" rel=\"noopener\">constitutional law<\/a>\u00a0cases.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court&#8217;s decision to uphold the constitutionality of the Oregon law established the idea that physical differences between men and women could justify different treatment under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/hirealawyer\/choosing-the-right-lawyer\/labor-law.html\" rel=\"noopener\">labor laws<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the short term, the ruling allowed the states to pass \u201cprotective legislation&#8221; regulating women&#8217;s working conditions in ways they couldn&#8217;t for men. This led to a wave of new state laws limiting women&#8217;s work hours and setting minimum wages for women. This reasoning was used for decades to uphold such laws.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Significance<\/h2>\r\n<p>The\u00a0<i>Muller\u00a0<\/i>ruling marked an important shift in the Court&#8217;s approach to economic regulation. It showed more deference to state legislatures for regulating labor conditions.<\/p>\r\n<p>The case shows how views on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-discrimination-u-s-supreme-court-cases.html\" rel=\"noopener\">gender and equality have changed over time<\/a>. While the decision was seen as a victory for labor reformers at the time, its views on women&#8217;s weakness and dependence on men later came to be viewed as outdated and harmful to gender equality. Essentially, what was once progressive in 1908 was considered\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/civilrights\/discrimination\/gender-discrimination.html\" rel=\"noopener\">discriminatory<\/a>\u00a0decades later.<\/p>\r\n<p><i>Muller<\/i>\u00a0is no longer good law.\u00a0<i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/261\/525.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Adkins v. Children&#8217;s Hospital<\/a><\/i>\u00a0effectively overturned it in 1923. The\u00a0<i>Adkins<\/i>\u00a0case signaled a shift towards recognizing women&#8217;s equal rights to contract freely, aligning more closely with the principles of gender equality.<\/p>\r\n<p>Still, the\u00a0<i>Muller<\/i>\u00a0case remains an important milestone in the history of labor law, women&#8217;s rights, and the Supreme Court&#8217;s approach to social and economic legislation.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text 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