{"id":54789,"date":"2023-03-17T10:04:07","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T15:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/supreme\/supreme-court-insights\/roe-v-wade-case-summary-what-you-need-to-know.html"},"modified":"2023-03-17T10:04:07","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T15:04:07","slug":"roe-v-wade-case-summary-what-you-need-to-know","status":"publish","type":"supreme","link":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/roe-v-wade-case-summary-what-you-need-to-know.html","title":{"rendered":"Roe v. Wade Case Summary: What You Need to Know"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">Roe v. Wade Case Summary: What You Need to Know<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/ally-marshall-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ally Marshall, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            March 17, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n    <div class=\"fl-callout-text article-blockquote\">\n        <p>Few Supreme Court decisions have reached the same level of fame and scrutiny as Roe v. Wade. The 1973 case established a framework for legal abortions across the United States. But in 2022, the Court reversed the decision, taking back a constitutional protection that stood for decades.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/410\/113.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Roe v. Wade<\/a><\/i>\u00a0is a 1973 lawsuit that famously led to the Supreme Court making a ruling on abortion rights. Jane Roe, an unmarried pregnant woman, filed suit on behalf of herself and others to challenge Texas abortion laws. A Texas doctor joined Roe&#8217;s lawsuit, arguing that the state&#8217;s abortion laws were too vague for doctors to follow. He had previously been arrested for violating the statute.<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>At the time, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/reproductive-rights\/abortion.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">abortion<\/a> was illegal in Texas unless it was done to save the mother&#8217;s life. It was a crime to get an abortion or to attempt one.<\/p>\r\n<p>In\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>, the Supreme Court decided two important things:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The United States Constitution provides a fundamental &#8220;right to privacy&#8221; that protects a person&#8217;s right to choose whether to have an abortion.<\/li>\r\n<li>The abortion right is not absolute. It must be balanced against the government&#8217;s interests in protecting health and prenatal life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><i>Editor&#8217;s Note: On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court released its decision in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/19-1392.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Dobbs v. Jackson Women&#8217;s Health<\/a>, which overturned\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/410\/113.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Roe v. Wade<\/a>.\u00a0Wondering what happens now? Our Supreme Court blog has coverage of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/federal-courts\/the-practical-impact-of-dobbs-v-jackson-womens-health\/\" rel=\"noopener\">practical effects of the court&#8217;s latest decision<\/a>\u00a0on abortion and what the future might hold for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/supreme-court\/looking-at-future-supreme-court-abortion-fights\/\" rel=\"noopener\">legal fights over reproductive rights<\/a>.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\r\n<h2>Legal Arguments<\/h2>\r\n<p>Each side of\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade\u00a0<\/i>used several arguments before the Supreme Court. Below, we outline the main arguments.<\/p>\r\n<h3><b>Texas Defends Abortion Restriction<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>The state put forth three main arguments in its case to defend the abortion statute:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>States have an interest in safeguarding health, maintaining medical standards, and protecting prenatal life<\/li>\r\n<li>A fetus is a &#8220;person&#8221; protected by the 14th Amendment<\/li>\r\n<li>Protecting prenatal life from the time of conception is a compelling state interest<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Roe Claims Absolute Privacy Rights<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>Jane Roe and the others involved based their case on the following arguments:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The Texas law invaded an individual&#8217;s right to &#8220;liberty&#8221; under the 14th Amendment<\/li>\r\n<li>The Texas law infringed on rights to marital, familial, and sexual privacy guaranteed by the Bill of Rights<\/li>\r\n<li>The right to an abortion is absolute &#8211; a person is entitled to end a pregnancy at any time, for any reason, in any way they choose<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"courtanalysis\">How The Supreme Court Decided\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Court split the difference between the two arguments presented. First, the Court recognized that abortion does fall under privacy rights.<\/p>\r\n<p>The constitutional right to privacy comes from the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14\/annotation03.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Due Process Clause<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/amendment14.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourteenth Amendment<\/a>. The Due Process Clause does not explicitly state that Americans have a right to privacy. However, the Supreme Court has recognized such a right going all the way back to 1891. Just one year before\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/408\/564.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">the Supreme Court held<\/a>\u00a0that &#8220;in a Constitution for a free people, there can be no doubt that the meaning of &#8216;liberty&#8217; must be broad indeed.&#8221; In\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>, the Court decided that this right to privacy extends to control over pregnancy.<\/p>\r\n<p>The justices acknowledged that being forced to continue a pregnancy puts a lot at risk, such as:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Physical health<\/li>\r\n<li>Mental health<\/li>\r\n<li>Financial burdens<\/li>\r\n<li>Social stigma<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The Court was skeptical of the state&#8217;s argument that Constitutional protections begin at conception. The Constitution doesn&#8217;t provide a definition of a &#8220;person.&#8221; But, it does say that its protections cover those who are &#8220;born or naturalized&#8221; in the United States. After examining other cases relating to unborn children, the Court concluded that &#8220;the unborn have never been recognized in the law as persons in the whole sense.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n<p>The\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0decision also includes a discussion of the different views on when life begins. Many in the Jewish faith, for example, believe that life begins at birth. But, the prevailing view in the Catholic faith is that life begins at conception. Doctor&#8217;s views vary, but they tend to lean toward the belief that life begins sometime before birth.\u00a0But, the Court found that it is not up to the states to decide when life begins:<\/p>\r\n<p>&#8220;[W]e do not agree that, by adopting one theory of life, Texas may override the rights of the pregnant woman that are at stake.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n<p>However, as we mentioned above, the Court did not agree that the Constitution guarantees an absolute right to an abortion. In other words, the privacy right does not prevent states from putting\u00a0some\u00a0regulations on abortion.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Court created a framework to balance the state&#8217;s interests with privacy rights. Acknowledging that the\u00a0rights of pregnant people may conflict with the rights of the state to protect potential human life, the Court defined the rights of each party by dividing pregnancy into three 12-week trimesters:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>During a pregnant person&#8217;s first trimester, the Court held,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/state\/family-laws\/details-on-state-abortion-laws.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">a state cannot regulate abortion<\/a>\u00a0beyond requiring that the procedure be performed by a licensed doctor in medically safe conditions.<\/li>\r\n<li>During the second trimester, the Court held that a state may regulate abortion if the regulations are reasonably related to the health of the pregnant person.<\/li>\r\n<li>During the third trimester of pregnancy, the state&#8217;s interest in protecting the potential human life outweighs the right to privacy. As a result, the state may prohibit abortions unless an abortion is necessary to save the life or health of the pregnant person.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"significance\">Significance of\u00a0<i>Roe v Wade<\/i><\/h2>\r\n<p>Many think of\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0as the case that &#8220;legalized abortion.&#8221; However, that isn&#8217;t exactly true. What it did was change the way states can regulate abortion, and characterized abortion as something that was covered under constitutional rights of privacy.<\/p>\r\n<p>It may come as a surprise that\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>\u00a0did not have much of an impact on the number of abortions performed each year in the United States. According to the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/gpr\/2003\/03\/lessons-roe-will-past-be-prologue\" rel=\"noopener\">Guttmacher Institute<\/a>, in the years before\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>\u00a0was decided there were over one million illegal abortions performed in the U.S. annually. After\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>, that number remains around one million, performed legally. Plus, the rate of deaths occurring as the result of abortions dropped dramatically in the years following\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Since the Court&#8217;s decision in\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>, judicial interpretation of the constitution is that abortion is legal. However,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/reproductive-rights\/after-roe-v-wade.html\" rel=\"noopener\">after Roe<\/a>, many abortion opponents have advocated for stricter\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/family\/reproductive-rights\/abortion-laws.html\" rel=\"noopener\">abortion laws<\/a>. The opponents haven&#8217;t been able to ban abortions outright, but have placed limitations on abortions.\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">A number of states have placed restrictions on abortions in certain circumstances, including parental notification requirements, mandatory disclosure of abortion risk information, and restrictions on late-term abortions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>The issue is still a hotbed topic in presidential debates and across the nation. States continue to pass abortion regulations that are often challenged in federal courts. But, few make it to the Supreme Court.\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">This has led many to wonder:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/could-roe-v-wade-be-overturned-.html\" target=\"_self\">Could\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0be overturned?<\/a><\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"reactions\">Public Reactions<\/h2>\r\n<p>There wasn&#8217;t much public reaction to <i>Roe <\/i>when the Supreme Court first released its decision. However, in the decades that followed it became a significant issue in American politics. Some view the Court&#8217;s decision in\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0as &#8220;judicial activism,&#8221; \u2013 meaning the judges based their decision on personal views rather than existing law. But, supporters of\u00a0<i>Roe\u00a0<\/i>say it is vital in preserving women&#8217;s rights.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>Many opponents of the decision argue that because the text of the Constitution doesn&#8217;t explicitly talk about abortion, it should be left up to the states to regulate. Others say that a person should be protected by the Constitution at conception. Under that logic, abortion violates the Constitutional rights of the unborn child.\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">The Supreme Court even recognized the polarizing nature of the abortion issue\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/410\/113.html\" rel=\"noopener\">in its opinion:<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>&#8220;One&#8217;s philosophy, one&#8217;s experiences, one&#8217;s exposure to the raw edges of human existence, one&#8217;s religious training, one&#8217;s attitudes toward life and family and their values, and the moral standards one establishes and seeks to observe, are all likely to influence and to color one&#8217;s thinking and conclusions about abortion.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n<p>As Justice Harry Blackmun (who wrote the decision in\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>) points out, abortion will never be a simple issue. It remains a hotly debated topic because someone&#8217;s opinion on it depends on their view of the world, and when they believe life begins.<\/p>\r\n<h2 id=\"related\">Related Cases<\/h2>\r\n<p><i>Roe\u00a0<\/i>would not be the last time the Supreme Court addressed abortion rights. In later cases, the court modified some of the frameworks created in\u00a0<i>Roe\u00a0<\/i>but left the privacy right intact. That is, until 2022.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><b><a><\/a><\/b><\/i><b>Planned Parenthood v<a id=\"plannedparenthood\"><\/a>. Casey<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>The Supreme Court notably revisited <i>Roe v. Wade<\/i> in 1992 when reviewing\u00a0<i>Planned Parenthood v. Casey<\/i>. In that case, the Court once again upheld a pregnant person&#8217;s right to choose abortion. But, it changed the framework created in\u00a0<i>Roe<\/i>. Instead of requiring states to regulate abortion based on trimester, the Court created a standard based on &#8220;fetal viability&#8221; &#8211; the fetus&#8217;s ability to survive outside the womb. Viability is usually placed at around seven months (28 weeks), but it can be as early as 24 weeks.<\/p>\r\n<h3><i><b><a><\/a><\/b><\/i><b><a id=\"wholewomens\"><\/a>Whole Woman&#8217;s Health v. Hellerstedt<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>In 2016, the Supreme Court evaluated abortion regulations once again. Texas passed a law in 2013 that placed a series of restrictions on abortion clinics in the state. Among the other requirements, abortion providers had to have &#8220;admitting privileges&#8221; at a hospital no more than 30 miles away.<\/p>\r\n<p>Admitting privileges give a doctor the ability to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Have their patients admitted to a hospital as if the doctor were an employee there<\/li>\r\n<li>Treat their patients how the doctor wishes without the need for approval from another doctor at the hospital<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>When this requirement took effect, Texas went from having 42 abortion clinics &#8211; to just 19.<\/p>\r\n<p>The case reached the Supreme Court around the time of Justice Antonin Scalia&#8217;s death. So, there were only 8 justices to hear the case. In a 5-3 decision, the Supreme Court found that states cannot place restrictions on abortion clinics that create an &#8220;undue burden&#8221; for women seeking an abortion.<\/p>\r\n<h3>June Medical Services v. Gee<\/h3>\r\n<p>In 2020, SCOTUS overturned another admitting privileges requirement in <i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/18-1323.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">June Medical Services v. Gee<\/a><\/i>. Chief Justice John Roberts joined the liberal justices in a 5-4 decision that struck down a Louisiana abortion statute requiring doctors to have admitting privileges. The decision relied heavily on <i>Hellerstedt<\/i>, and in both decisions, the court observed that abortion is one of the safest medical procedures available today.<\/p>\r\n<h3 id=\"dobbs\">Dobbs v. Jackson Women&#8217;s Health<\/h3>\r\n<p><i><a href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/court\/us-supreme-court\/19-1392.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Dobbs v. Jackson Women&#8217;s Health<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>focused on Mississippi&#8217;s Gestational Age Act, which banned abortions after 15 weeks. Unlike previous challenges to abortion rights, in <i>Dobbs,<\/i>\u00a0the state of Mississippi explicitly asked the Supreme Court to <a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme-court-insights\/could-roe-v-wade-be-overturned-.html\" target=\"_self\">overturn <i>Roe v. Wade<\/i><\/a>. A draft version of the court&#8217;s opinion <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/supreme-court\/explaining-alitos-leaked-draft-opinion-overturning-roe-v-wade\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">leaked to the press<\/a> around a month before the justices handed down their official decision. The opinion released on June 24, 2022, was largely the same as the draft; the justices voted 6-3 to overturn <i>Roe v. Wade. <\/i>Since then, several states have tightened abortion restrictions to the point that residents cannot access abortion services. Others seem poised to outlaw abortion altogether.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 2.49846 13.8248C2.76297 13.9435 3.05012 14.0033 3.34003 14H9.00003Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3423\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <span class=\"was-this-helpful__taken-action fl-text-sm-bold\"><\/span>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-container\">\n        <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n            <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form\">\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--positive\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Solved my problem\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--solved-problem\"\n                        >Solved my problem<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback was-this-helpful__feedback--negative\">\n                <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this not helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message\" role=\"status\">\n                        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Too complicated\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--complicated\"\n                        >Too complicated \/ too many steps<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Out of date\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--dated\"\n                        >Out of date<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Other\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--negative-other\"\n                        >Other<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/fieldset>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"was-this-helpful__form-buttons-container\">\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--positive at-feedback-submit fl-button secondary\"\n                    type=\"submit\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Submit<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <button\n                    class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-button was-this-helpful__feedback-button--cancel fl-button primary disabled\"\n                    type=\"reset\"\n                >\n                    <span class=\"fl-button-content\">Cancel<\/span>\n                    <i\n                        class=\"fa fa-times-circle medium\"\n                        aria-hidden=\"true\"\n                    ><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message\" role=\"status\">\n        <i class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-icon fa fa-check\"><\/i>\n        <p class=\"was-this-helpful__thank-you-message-text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-block-column fl-section-sidebar\">\n        \n                        \n\n<div class=\"generalCardContainer\">\n            \n<div\n    class=\"fl-image-card fl-image-card--no-max-width fl-image-card--no-min-height fl-card-with-children fl-latl-card fl-image-card-title-on-image fl-flex fl-flex-column\"\n>\n                    <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\">\n\n            <div class=\"fl-image-card-image-wrapper fl-image-card-image-wrapper-default\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                     src=\"https://supreme.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1752070051\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/content-editorial-images-supreme-court-justices-2020-supreme-court-building\/content-editorial-images-supreme-court-justices-2020-supreme-court-building.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Supreme Court<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More On SCOTUS<\/h2>\n<p>Learn about the nation&#8217;s highest court and its most famous decisions.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/\" target=\"_self\">Read more &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"email-subscription fl-mb30\">\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-header\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-content\">\n            <h3 class=\"fl-callout-sm fl-no-margin\">Stay Up-to-Date With How the Law Affects Your Life<\/h3>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-header-image fl-flex fl-items-end\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n                src=\"https://supreme.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1737476907\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv\/Image-subscribeModule_zjhmpv.png?_i=AA\"\n                alt=\"\"\n                loading=\"lazy\"\n            \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"email-subscription-content fl-flex fl-flex-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-text fl-mb25\">\n            <h4 class=\"fl-no-margin\">Enter your email address to subscribe:<\/h4>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <form class=\"email-subscription-content-form\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"distributionList\" value=\"lp\" \/>\n            <label for=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" class=\"fl-text-sm-bold\">Email (Required)<\/label>\n            <div class=\"email-subscription-content-form-group\">\n                <input id=\"email-subscription-content-form-group-input\" name=\"email\" autocomplete=\"email\"\/>\n                <button type=\"submit\" aria-label=\"Submit\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-success subscribe-success-message fl-text-sm-bold\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"status\">Thank you for subscribing!<\/p>\n            <p class=\"email-subscription-content-form-error subscribe-error-message fl-text-sm-bold\" role=\"alert\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/p>\n\n            <div id=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha\" class=\"email-subscription-content-form-recaptcha subscribe-recaptcha\"\n                data-sitekey=\"0x4AAAAAAABGBEkK9kEeKxO-\"><\/div>\n        <\/form>\n\n        <div class=\"email-subscription-content-footer fl-text-sm\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/newsletters.findlaw.com\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more about FindLaw\u2019s newsletters<\/a>, including our terms of use and privacy policy.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"general-list\">\n    <h3>Helpful Links<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"fl-list fl-no-margin\">\n                                    <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                        U.S. Constitution\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/litigation\/legal-system\/us-federal-court-system.html\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                        U.S. Federal Court System\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                                                <li class=\"fl-list-item fl-flex\">\n                    <i class=\"fa fa-angle-right medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n                    <a class=\"fl-list-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legal\/law-students.html\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                        Law Students\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                        <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"popularDirectory\">\n        <div class=\"general-popular-directory \">\n            <div class=\"general-popular-directory-title\">\n                <h3>Popular Directory Searches<\/h3>\n            <\/div>\n            <ul>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/constitutional-law\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Law<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/civil-rights\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Rights<\/a><\/li>\n                                    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/discrimination\/?fli=dcta\" rel=\"noopener\">Discrimination<\/a><\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"parent":54751,"menu_order":0,"template":"app\/Http\/Controllers\/Templates\/ArticlePageController.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-54789","supreme","type-supreme","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/supreme\/54789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/supreme"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/supreme"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/supreme\/54751"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}