{"id":54846,"date":"2023-07-24T08:53:27","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T13:53:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/supreme\/supreme_court\/justices.html"},"modified":"2023-07-24T08:53:27","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T13:53:27","slug":"justices","status":"publish","type":"supreme","link":"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices.html","title":{"rendered":"Justices"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7  fl-block-columns fl-sectionWithSidebar fl-container fl-flex fl-flex-wrap fl-gap30\">\n    \n    <div class=\"fl-page-articles   fl-block-column fl-section-main fl-section-main-full-width\">\n        <h1 class=\"fl-no-margin-top\">United States Supreme Court Justices<\/h1>\n<section class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline\">\n    <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-content\">\n                    By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/laura-temme-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Temme, Esq.<\/a> | Legally reviewed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/steven-ellison-esq\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Ellison, Esq.<\/a>\n                | Last updated\n        <time>\n                            July 24, 2023\n                    <\/time>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-legally-reviewed\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Legally Reviewed\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>This article has been written and reviewed for legal accuracy, clarity, and style by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team.html\" rel=\"noopener\">FindLaw\u2019s team of legal writers and attorneys<\/a> and in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/company-history\/editorial-policy.html\" rel=\"noopener\">our editorial standards<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n\n    <details class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle fl-gutenberg-byline-fast-checked\">\n        <summary>\n            <i class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n            Fact-Checked\n        <\/summary>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-gutenberg-byline-toggle-content\">\n            <p><em>The last updated date refers to the last time this article was reviewed by FindLaw or one of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/company\/our-team\/contributing-authors.html\" rel=\"noopener\">contributing authors<\/a>. We make every effort to keep our articles updated. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please <a href=\"https:\/\/lawyers.findlaw.com\/?fli=bylinelink\" rel=\"noopener\">contact an attorney in your area<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/details>\n<\/section>\n<p>Since 1789, more than 100 Associate Justices and 17 Chief Justices have served on the United States Supreme Court. Their ranks include an ex-President, the U.S. Chief Prosecutor at the Nuremberg Nazi war crimes trial, former New York and California governors, and even a football star.<\/p>\r\n<p>Some have authored opinions that made sweeping changes to the legal landscape \u2014 like\u00a0<i>Miranda v. Arizona<\/i>,\u00a0<i>Brown v. Board of Education<\/i>,\u00a0<i>Citizens United<\/i>, and\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>. Others reside in the distant corners of this nation&#8217;s memory.<\/p>\r\n<p>They come from various academic and economic backgrounds. Most went to law school, but some did not (especially in the early days). Some worked as attorneys in private practice. Others focused on government work.<\/p>\r\n<p>In this section, you can learn more about the history of the Supreme Court and how it functions. You can also read about both current and past justices who served on the court.<\/p>\r\n<h3>More on the Supreme Court<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/presjustices.html\" target=\"_self\">Current Justices<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/pastjustices.html\" target=\"_self\">Past Justices<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court.html\" target=\"_self\">History of the Supreme Court<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n            src=\"https://supreme.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1756739732\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/content-infographics-Supreme-Court-Demographics\/content-infographics-Supreme-Court-Demographics.png?_i=AA\"\n            alt=\"Demographics of Supreme Court Justices (image description below)\"\n                \/>\n\n\n<p><br>\r\nThe image above depicts several demographic factors of Supreme Court justices in the United States. Figures in the middle show the vast majority of justices have been men, about 95%. A round chart on the left shows that around 97% of justices have been white, 2% Black, and 1% Hispanic. A round chart on the right shows that just over a third (36%) attended an Ivy League law school, while 31% attended other law schools.<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>In the court&#8217;s early years, most lawyers and judges did not attend law school. Instead, they studied the law independently and through apprenticeships. These justices are represented by the final two education categories in the graph \u2014 27% only obtained undergraduate degrees, and 6% were entirely self-taught.<\/p>\r\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n            src=\"https://supreme.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1756743824\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/content-infographics-Supreme-Court-Tenures\/content-infographics-Supreme-Court-Tenures.png?_i=AA\"\n            alt=\"Supreme Court Tenures (image description below)\"\n                \/>\n\n\n<p>The image above uses different colored horizontal bars to show how long each of the current Supreme Court justices has been in their post. The length of their tenure is calculated as of April 2023.<\/p>\r\n<p>At the bottom, with the longest bar, is Clarence Thomas, who has been on the court for 31 years. Above Thomas, represented by a green bar about half the length of Thomas&#8217;s, is Chief Justice John Roberts. Roberts has been Chief Justice for a little more than 17 years. Next is a yellow bar for Samuel Alito, who has also been on the court for 17 years. Alito joined the court just a few months after Roberts.<\/p>\r\n<p>Sonia Sotomayor is represented by an orange bar above Alito. She has been a Supreme Court justice for nearly 14 years. A light blue bar above Sotomayor depicts Elena Kagan&#8217;s twelve and a half years on the court.<\/p>\r\n<p>A light green bar shows that Neil Gorsuch has been on the court for almost six years. Brett Kavanaugh&#8217;s four and a half years on the court displays as a small red bar. A small purple bar shows that Amy Coney Barrett has been a Supreme Court justice for about two and a half years. Finally, a very small dark blue rectangle represents the few months since Ketanji Brown Jackson joined the court.<\/p>\r\n<h2>How Are Supreme Court Justices Appointed?<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article3.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Article III of the U.S. Constitution<\/a>\u00a0granted judicial power in the nation to &#8220;one supreme Court&#8221; and gave Congress the power to create additional &#8220;inferior&#8221; courts. However, it does not give Congress the power to choose who sits on the Supreme Court. That power is reserved for the president by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Article II<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Supreme Court justices receive lifetime appointments, so the president only gets to nominate someone if a justice dies or decides to retire. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.findlaw.com\/article2\/annotation13.html\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Appointments Clause<\/a>\u00a0states that the president must nominate and appoint Supreme Court justices &#8220;by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.&#8221; Today, the Senate&#8217;s advice and consent take the form of confirmation hearings.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Supreme Court Confirmation Hearings<\/h3>\r\n<p>After the president nominates a candidate for the Supreme Court, the Senate Judiciary Committee collects the necessary records and schedules a hearing. During the hearing, senators can question the nominee on their qualifications, their philosophy as a judge or lawyer, and more. Witnesses can also present their support or opposition to a nominee during the confirmation hearing.<\/p>\r\n<p>Then, the Judiciary Committee votes to either confirm or reject the candidate. They send this recommendation to the rest of their colleagues in the Senate. The rest of the Senate debates the nomination and takes a vote. If a simple majority (at least 51 senators) vote for the nominee, their nomination is confirmed.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Were SCOTUS Confirmation Hearings Always Controversial?<\/h3>\r\n<p>For many years, nominating Supreme Court justices was a fairly smooth process. But in recent decades, confirmation hearings have become more contentious and politically charged.<\/p>\r\n<p>The 1987\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/itsallpolitics\/2012\/12\/19\/167645600\/robert-borks-supreme-court-nomination-changed-everything-maybe-forever\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nomination of Robert Bork<\/a>\u00a0kicked off years of partisan divisions over Supreme Court seats. Bork was a controversial nominee. He opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, believed there was no constitutional right to privacy, and disagreed with the Supreme Court&#8217;s previous rulings on gender equality. Senate Democrats opposed Bork so strongly that &#8220;bork&#8221; became a word in the dictionary.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/bork\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merriam-Webster defines it<\/a>\u00a0as an unfair attack or defeat &#8220;through an organized campaign of harsh public criticism or vilification.&#8221; And it worked \u2014 Bork&#8217;s nomination was shot down in a 58-42 vote.<\/p>\r\n<p>In 1991, a Supreme Court nomination became a national firestorm once again. Now-Associate Justice\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/thomas.html\" target=\"_self\">Clarence Thomas<\/a>\u00a0was accused of sexual misconduct by a former employee,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/09\/28\/1040911313\/anita-hill-belonging-sexual-harassment-conversation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anita Hill.<\/a>\u00a0The fourteen men on the Senate Judiciary Committee grilled Hill on live television when she gave testimony against Thomas.<span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">\u00a0In the end, the Senate confirmed Justice Thomas&#8217;s nomination in a narrow 52-48 vote. He is now the longest-serving current justice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>When President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace the late Justice\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/scalia.html\" target=\"_self\">Antonin Scalia<\/a>\u00a0in 2016, the Senate Judiciary Committee\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.findlaw.com\/legalblogs\/supreme-court\/is-there-any-hope-for-merrick-garland\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">refused to hold a hearing<\/a>. They argued that it was too close to the upcoming election, which was about nine months away. Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell claimed whoever won the 2016 election should get to fill the vacancy. After Donald Trump became president, he nominated\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/neil-gorsuch-bio.html\" target=\"_self\">Neil Gorsuch<\/a>\u00a0to fill Scalia&#8217;s seat.<\/p>\r\n<p>Confirmation hearings continue to generate much debate in the Senate, usually along party lines. For example, in 2018, Senate Republicans confirmed Justice\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/brett-kavanaugh-bio.html\" target=\"_self\">Brett Kavanaugh<\/a>\u00a0despite allegations of sexual assault and numerous ethics complaints from lower court judges against him.<\/p>\r\n<p>But despite complaints that the court has become too politicized,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\/supreme_court\/justices\/roberts.html\" target=\"_self\">Chief Justice John Roberts<\/a>\u00a0maintains that the court does not function based on politics &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-court-chiefjustice\/u-s-supreme-court-not-politicized-says-chief-justice-roberts-idUSKBN1WA08F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and the results in our cases do not suggest otherwise<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"was-this-helpful\">\n    <div\n            class=\"was-this-helpful__question-container\"\n            aria-labelledby=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n            role=\"group\"\n    >\n        <span\n                id=\"was-this-helpful__question\"\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__question fl-text-lg-bold\"\n        >Was this helpful?<\/span>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"Yes\"\n                value=\"yes\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">Yes<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-up\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3418)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M6 21H3C2.46957 21 1.96086 20.7893 1.58579 20.4142C1.21071 20.0391 1 19.5304 1 19V12C1 11.4696 1.21071 10.9609 1.58579 10.5858C1.96086 10.2107 2.46957 10 3 10H6M13 8V4C13 3.20435 12.6839 2.44129 12.1213 1.87868C11.5587 1.31607 10.7956 1 10 1L6 10V21H17.28C17.7623 21.0055 18.2304 20.8364 18.5979 20.524C18.9654 20.2116 19.2077 19.7769 19.28 19.3L20.66 10.3C20.7035 10.0134 20.6842 9.72068 20.6033 9.44225C20.5225 9.16382 20.3821 8.90629 20.1919 8.68751C20.0016 8.46873 19.7661 8.29393 19.5016 8.17522C19.2371 8.0565 18.9499 7.99672 18.66 8H13Z\"\n                              stroke=\"#666666\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                              stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path>\n                    <\/g>\n                    <defs>\n                        <clipPath id=\"clip0_604_3418\">\n                            <rect width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"white\"><\/rect>\n                        <\/clipPath>\n                    <\/defs>\n                <\/svg>\n            <\/i>\n        <\/button>\n        <button\n                class=\"was-this-helpful__button fl-text-sm\"\n                aria-label=\"No\"\n                value=\"no\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"was-this-helpful__button-text fl-text-bold\">No<\/span>\n            <i class=\"was-this-helpful__button-icon\">\n                <svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewBox=\"0 0 22 22\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                    <g id=\"thumbs-down\" clip-path=\"url(#clip0_604_3423)\">\n                        <path id=\"Vector\"\n                              d=\"M16 0.999995H18.67C19.236 0.989986 19.7859 1.18813 20.2154 1.55681C20.645 1.9255 20.9242 2.43905 21 3V10C20.9242 10.5609 20.645 11.0745 20.2154 11.4432C19.7859 11.8119 19.236 12.01 18.67 12H16M9.00003 14V18C9.00003 18.7956 9.3161 19.5587 9.87871 20.1213C10.4413 20.6839 11.2044 21 12 21L16 12V0.999995H4.72003C4.2377 0.994543 3.76965 1.16359 3.40212 1.47599C3.0346 1.78839 2.79235 2.22309 2.72003 2.7L1.34003 11.7C1.29652 11.9866 1.31586 12.2793 1.39669 12.5577C1.47753 12.8362 1.61793 13.0937 1.80817 13.3125C1.99842 13.5313 2.23395 13.7061 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        <fieldset>\n                    <legend class=\"was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why was this helpful?<\/legend>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"positive-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Easy to understand\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--understandable\"\n                        >Easy to understand<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div 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class=\"was-this-helpful__choose-option-message-text\"><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex was-this-helpful__feedback-form-title\">\n                        <input\n                                id=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-input\"\n                                type=\"radio\"\n                                name=\"negative-feedback\"\n                                value=\"Missing Information\"\n                        >\n                        <label\n                                class=\"fl-radio-button-field-label fl-text-sm was-this-helpful__radio-label\"\n                                for=\"was-this-helpful__radio-button--missing-info\"\n                        >Missing the information I need<\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"fl-radio-button-field fl-flex 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fl-image-card-title-on-image fl-flex fl-flex-column\"\n>\n                    <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/supreme.findlaw.com\">\n\n            <div class=\"fl-image-card-image-wrapper fl-image-card-image-wrapper-default\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                     src=\"https://supreme.findlaw.com/static/c/images\/images\/w_1200,c_limit,dpr_auto\/f_auto,q_auto:eco\/v1752070051\/ability-legal\/wp-prod\/content-editorial-images-supreme-court-justices-2020-supreme-court-building\/content-editorial-images-supreme-court-justices-2020-supreme-court-building.jpg?_i=AA\"\n                     alt=\"\"\n                ><\/img>\n                                    <span class=\"fl-eyebrow fl-image-card-eyebrow\">U.S. Supreme Court<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n\n        <div class=\"fl-image-card-content fl-flex-basis-100\">\n                    <h2>More on the Supreme Court<\/h2>\n<p>Learn more 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